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a l w a y s t a n t a l i z i n g , n e v e r p r o m i s c u o u s |
The Holmes Report, which I've pointed PD readers to in the past, has posted an excellent analysis of the decline of America's attitude toward science as well as our deteriorating knowledge of basic scientific facts. The article (reproduced in its entirety at the link below) explores roots of this problem in our education system and media, and does an excellent job of tearing the ass out of Intelligent Design (including a nice reference to Intelligent Falling, just for Jill). It's long -- print 'er out. Enjoy!
Note: I am among those Americans who believe in ghosts and UFOs; I take exception to the article's criticism of my people.
Science In Crisis: A Challenge for Communicators
The Holmes Report, October 17, 2005
“I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who endowed us with sense, reason and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.”—Galileo
I started work on this article the same day a court in Pennsylvania began hearing arguments in Tammy Kitzmiller et al versus the Dover School Board, a case that tests the constitutionality of attempts to teach intelligent design—the notion that life is so complex it could only be the work of an intelligent designer—in American schools.
A few weeks earlier, a CBS News Poll found that more than half (55 percent) of all Americans believe that god created human beings in their present form. Only 40 percent believed that human beings evolved, and most of those people believed that god—not natural selection—had guided the evolution process. Two-thirds (65 percent) want to see creationism taught alongside evolution in American schools.
America is unique among developed countries in its rejection of scientific knowledge about evolution. In the U.K., more than 75 percent accept that species evolved over time; in Japan, the number is around 96 percent.
And America’s scientific illiteracy is not restricted to this one issue. According to research by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, American high-schoolers rank behind those from South Korea, Japan, Finland, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, the Czech Republic and half a dozen other developed countries when it comes to scientific literacy.
The National Science Foundation recently found that one adult American in five thinks the Sun revolves around the Earth. Chris Mooney, journalist and author of the recent bestseller The Republican War on Science, believes Americans are rejecting not only scientific findings but the very notion of science and reason as ways of understanding the world. Science, says Mooney, is not a collection of facts and hypotheses, bur a process “for systematically pursuing knowledge about nature and, in the social sciences, ourselves. At its core, this process features the testing and retesting of hypotheses to ensure that they withstand the most withering scrutiny.”
While individual scientists can be as corrupt and selfserving and subjective as the next man, the scientific process tends to be selfcorrecting. Hypotheses offered by one scientist are immediately subjected to rigorous scrutiny by others; experimental results presented by one scientist will be duplicated or falsified by others.
Says Mooney, “Science isn’t infallible; it is only as good as we are…. Much of what we think we ‘know’ today may turn out to be wrong. But if it does, scientists stand the best chance of telling us so, thanks to the process of peer review, hypothesis testing, and internal criticism they use to check themselves. In other words, science still provides the best tool we have for understanding nature—a ‘candle in the dark,’ as Carl Sagan once put it.”
Philosopher Simon Blackburn, in his recent book Truth: A Guide, blames the current hostility to science and reason on relativism run amok. “Today’s relativists, persuading themselves that all opinions enjoy the same standing in the light of reason, take it as a green light to believe what they like with as much conviction and force as they like. So while ancient skepticism was the sworn opponent of dogmatism, today dogmatisms feed and flourish on the desecrated corpse of reason. “Astrology, prophecy, homeopathy, feng shui, conspiracy theories, flying saucers, voodoo, crystal balls, miracleworking, angel visits, alien abductions, management nostrums, and a thousand other cults dominate people’s minds, often with official backing. Faith education is encouraged by the British Prime Minister, while Biblical fundamentalism, creationism and astrology alike stalk the White House.”
The religious right may be leading the war against science, but it has numerous allies: political leaders who deride members of the “reality-based community” for their outdated adherence to enlightenment thinking; NGOs and corporations that eagerly corrupt and distort the scientific evidence for their own ideological or commercial ends; a media that focuses on the sensational with little or no attempt to provide context; even scientists themselves, who have conspicuously failed to communicate the value of what they do. All of this matters because in an increasingly complex, knowledge-driven world, an understanding of science—and the ability of citizens to think and reason critically—will form the basis of economic security and global competitiveness.
Scientific illiteracy is far more likely to lead to the end of American hegemony than the emergence of a new military superpower or the expanding economic power of China. And this is an area in which professional communicators have a role and responsibility: first, by refusing to add to the overwhelming volume of bad science out there; and second, by helping scientists—not always the most articulate or socially-adept people in the world—to communicate their own work and, more important, the scientific method.
Are We Illiterate?
“Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.”—Voltaire
A survey conducted in 2002 by the National Science Foundation (NSF) concluded that scientific literacy in the U.S. was “fairly low.” While nine out of 10 people say they are either “very” or “moderately” interested in new scientific discoveries and the use of new inventions and technologies, the majority of the public knows little about science and technology.
American adults in general do not understand what molecules are (other than that they are really small), according to Jon Miller, a political scientist who directs the Center for Biomedical Communications at the Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago and surveys Americans for the NSF and others. Fewer than a third can identify DNA as a key to heredity. Only about 10 percent know what radiation is. One adult American in five thinks the Sun revolves around the Earth, “an idea science had abandoned by the 17th century.”
The survey also found that belief in pseudoscience—which the study defines as “claims presented so that they appear [to be] scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility”—is “relatively widespread.” For example, about a third of Americans (34 percent) believe in ghosts, the same number who believe in UFOs, and about a quarter believe in astrology (29 percent), reincarnation (25 percent), and witches (24 percent), according to research conducted by Opinion Dynamics Corporation.
The overwhelming majority (92 percent) of Americans believe in God, 85 percent in heaven, 82 percent in miracles, and 81 percent in the devil, according to 2004.
Unscientific beliefs are not the exclusive province of one political ideology. Republicans are more likely than Democrats to say they believe in God (by 8 percentage points), in heaven (by 10 points), in hell (by 15 points), and are significantly more likely to believe in the devil (by 17 points). Democrats are more likely than Republicans to say they believe in reincarnation (by 14 percentage points), in astrology (by 14 points), in ghosts (by 8 points) and UFOs (by 5 points).
Meanwhile, a survey by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, testing the scientific literacy of 15-year-olds from countries around the world, ranked Americans 14th, beyond most of their serious economic competitors. The assumption is that Americans are uniquely resistant to scientific knowledge.
But one dissenting view is provided by Gene Grabowski, former communications chief for the Grocery Manufacturer Association, which dealt with scientific controversy over subjects as divers as obesity, radiation, and genetically-modified foods, and who is currently vice president at litigation public relations specialist Levick Communications. “U.S. scientific literacy is on par with the rest of the developed world,” he says. “Discussions I’ve had with other professionals from England and France indicate that they consider themselves far more scientifically literate than Americans, but in truth they’re generally not. For example, during the biotech food debate in the late 1990s and early 2000s, researchers surveyed European knowledge of biology and biotechnology and found that at nearly every level, Europeans actually knew less, but were more certain in their opinions about science.
“About half the Europeans surveyed didn’t know that humans and vegetables shared the same genes, or even what a gene was. By comparison, that number in the U.S. was about 8 to 10 percent better.”
Kirsten Thistle, senior vice president at public affairs firm APCO Worldwide, agrees. “The problem [of scientific illiteracy] is not limited to the U.S.” She points to the controversy over the safety of measles, mumps and rubella shots in the U.K., which led to an increase in the number of reported cases of measles, and to the European reaction to bio-engineered foods. “Health scares like these persist around the world and have as much to do with psychology and risk perception as they do with understanding basic scientific information.”
Similarly, Mark Deitch, global managing director of the BioScience Communications division of international public relations firm Edelman, warns against oversimplification in the discussion of science literacy in America. “On the one hand, the top U.S. universities, and especially our graduate programs in the sciences, are the envy of the world. These universities are pouring millions and millions of dollars into science facilities and faculties, making the humanities extremely jealous. Obviously, the many talented students who go through these programs are not lacking in science literacy.
“On the other hand, Americans who do not study or go into the sciences often seem remarkably indifferent—and sometimes hostile—to the basic principles of science, and this often includes humanities majors at these same top universities.” Similarly, “there seems to be a general perception that science education on the primary and secondary school levels in the U.S. is not as rigorous as it is in many countries in Western Europe. And now, of course, the intelligent design debates and lawsuits are accentuating this impression of the U.S. as backward.
“And yet, in both the U.S. and U.K. there appears to be a large, popular appetite for challenging science books. Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History of Time was a blockbuster best seller; and really difficult books by the likes of Stephen J. Gould, Brian Greene, and Roger Penrose also sell very well. It’s pretty hard to make generalizations, therefore, about the true state of American science literacy.”
Still, almost everyone concedes that scientific literacy in America is alarmingly low. Not everyone agrees on the reasons, although there are several obvious forces at work.
Our Failing Education System
“Is our children learning?”—President George W. Bush
“Our education system places less of an emphasis in the area of science than in other areas,” says Tony Russo, chief executive of Euro RSCG Life NRP, the former Noonan Russo. “How much money and time do schools spends on sports, on their business administration, and other revenue enhancing programs, when compared to their science programs? The spending [on science] is disproportional and more in line with your typical liberal arts programs.”
American education spending in general is typically higher than in other developed countries: the United States spent $10,240 per student from elementary school through college in 2000, according to a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The average among 25 nations included in the survey was $6,361. “There are countries which don’t get the bang for the bucks, and the U.S. is one of them,” said OECD education director Barry McGaw.
Russo believes there are cultural obstacles to science education. “I find it very interesting that when I travel with a prominent scientist in a country like France, the scientist will be recognized and even sought out for autographs,” he says. “In the U.S. this would never happen. As a culture we are less attuned to the field and care less about the advancements that are being made. Our heroes are sports figures and entertainers, not scientists.”
Others believe schools need a new approach.
“Science is hard to study,” says Grabowski. “It requires long attention spans and quiet spells of an hour or longer to comprehend. You also generally need a pencil and paper to work things out in order to really understand the subject matter. By contrast, you can learn English or History from an entertaining television program or an interesting lecture. I’m certain that’s one of the reasons so many young people go into the law and politics.
“Basic skills being equal, it’s been my observation that it’s far easier to learn to be a talker than it is to be a scientist or mathematician. I know, because I’m basically a talker.”
Grabowski would like to see a greater emphasis on ensuring that all college students—even those focused on non-science subjects—receive some grounding in science. “The skills that make a great communicator and the skills that make a great scientist are seldom found in the same person,” says Grabowski. “We need to bring back mandatory science and language classes to the liberal arts education at the college level. I believe the drop-off in understanding of science correlates with the end of mandatory classes in math and science for higher and secondary education.”
Others would like to see greater emphasis on broad critical thinking.
“Beyond learning the basics of chemistry, biology and physics, students—and adults, for that matter—need to learn to think critically,” says Thistle. Experts define critical thinking as asking why; defining the problem; examining the evidence; analyzing (and setting aside) biases and assumptions; avoiding emotional reasoning; avoiding oversimplification; considering other interpretations; and tolerating uncertainty. “Without the ability to think critically, emotions and biases are bound to prevail.”
But however bad our schools are, they are not bad enough to satisfy some people. Two-thirds of Americans say they want creationism taught in schools along with evolution. And 37 percent—more than a third of all Americans—want evolutionism replaced outright.
The school board of Dover, Pa., is at the center of the most recent controversy over the teaching of creationism after ordering teachers to read pupils a statement regarding supposed “flaws” in evolutionary theory and referring them to a textbook, Of Pandas and People, that suggests that “intelligent design” offers an alternative view of how species come to be here.
Intelligent design is based on what is known as the “argument from incredulity.” It beggars belief, proponents say, that something as complex as human life could have developed through the process known as natural selection (they refer to the process as random, which it is not); since evolution is implausible, man must have had an intelligent designer. Intelligent design proponents refuse offer any scientific explanation of how their process works; they won’t (or can’t) say how it might be tested. All they will say is that Darwinism has failed (so far) to explain some things, and that those things must therefore be the result of intelligent design.
Says Mooney, “As an account of the origin and history of life, ID doesn’t have any meat to it. It doesn’t provide any details that scientists might confirm or refute through future experimentation. And most crucially of all, it doesn’t explain anything or predict anything, a key requirement for successful scientific theories.” He quotes a summary by scientist critics of ID: “An unknown intelligent designer did something,”
It’s no surprise, therefore, that the American Association for the Advancement of Science passed a resolution stating that “to date, the ID movement has failed to offer credible scientific evidence to support its claim that ID undermines the current scientifically accepted theory of evolution.” The fact that “intelligent design” can be mistaken for a scientific theory is evidence that a majority of Americans reject not only the science of evolution, but the scientific method itself. Intelligent design is a repudiation of reason, the articulation of a view that says science should give up its quest for knowledge, to accept that all that is currently unknown is unknowable, and to assume that the answer to all unknowable questions must be “god.”
Says legal correspondent Dahlia Lithwick, writing for Slate: “The critics are missing the beauty of this new theory. Because the really great thing about intelligent design is that it takes all the awkward uncertainty out of science. It says, ‘You know those damn theoretical gaps and conundrums that send microbiology graduate students into dank basement laboratories at 3 a.m.? They don’t need to be resolved at all. Go back to bed, sleepy little grad students. God fills those gaps.’
“The problem with science has always been that each new discovery unleashes thousands of new questions and ambiguities. So really, the more we discover new stuff, the stupider we get. Clearly, that isn’t working. ID says we shouldn’t bother ourselves with resolving scientific inconsistencies or untangling puzzles. We should recognize that what God really wants is for us just to stop learning.”
A similar critique comes from Bath University professor of biology Ronald Jenner, writing in the British academic publication Palaeontology Newsletter: “Rather than continuing to trust in the ability of science to make progress… [intelligent design proponents are] willing to throw up their hands in bewilderment and exclaim miraculous intervention of an intelligent designer. That’s not the spirit of science.”
There is no more evidence for intelligent design than there was for the primitive belief (currently propounded by some evangelical ministers in America) that storms were sent by angry gods or that deities resided within volcanoes. If there was a mainstream religion that posited a supreme being living beneath the earth and sucking, the same people who currently advocate for intelligent design would be attacking Newton’s “theory” of gravity.
The Discovery Institute outlined its strategy a document that found its way onto the Internet in 1999. The document explained that the organization’s goal was “to replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God.” So the real threat that proponents of intelligent design pose is not that they seek to challenge a single scientific theory (one of the most robust and useful in all of science) but rather that they seek to undermine science as a way of understanding the world. If successful, the problems that currently beset American scientific education will become immeasurably worse.
Media Scares, Sensationalism and Phony Balance
“Many reporters and editors got into journalism precisely because they disliked like math and science,” says Grabowski. “So naturally, they consider much of it arcane and confusing. Sensational stories are much easier to cover, and cover quickly. Reporters and editors assign junk science the same weight as actual science because most of them cannot tell the difference. Journalists are also taught that balance equals fairness. So, to provide that ‘balance,’ the work of an MIT professor who has spent his life testing a theory can be readily challenged in a news story by a glib scientist with an agenda and little knowledge of what the whole thing is about, provided he answers his phone on deadline and utters quotable words.”
Media coverage of science is superficial and sensationalistic, characterized by a lack of scientific understanding that leads to confusion and an almost complete absence of context, and by the desire to “balance” competing viewpoints that leads to crackpot theories receiving the same kind of coverage as broad scientific consensus—sometimes more, since crackpot theories are often more entertaining than dull old facts. “You have to understand that reporters focus on areas that they believe readers and viewers will be interested in,” says Russo. “Reporters want simple explanations; they want to write about things that consumers can buy (or buy soon); they want to write about cures, not the latest wrinkle in scientific understanding.” In many western European countries, he says, “any night of the week you can see in-depth coverage of science, even basic science.”
But it’s not just that media coverage of science is in short supply; it’s also that so much of that coverage is so bad. “In their choice of stories, and the way they cover them, the media create a parody of science, for their own means,” says Ben Goldacre, who writes the Bad Science column for the British newspaper The Guardian. “They then attack this parody as if they were critiquing science.
“Every Christmas and Easter, regular as clockwork, you can read that chocolate is good for you,” he says. “In breathless, greedy tones you will you hear how it’s scientifically possible to eat as much fat and carbohydrate as you like, for some complicated reason, but only if you do it at ‘the right time of day.’ These stories serve one purpose: they promote the reassuring idea that sensible health advice is outmoded and moralizing, and that research on it is paradoxical and unreliable.”
Then there are the scare stories. Says Goldacre: “Based on minimal evidence and expanded with poor understanding of its significance, they help perform the most crucial function for the media, which is selling you, the reader, to their advertisers. The MMR disaster [created by fears that measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations could lead to autism] was a fantasy entirely of the media’s making.”
The British media has also been full of stories about the supposed dangers of using mobile phones. “I must have read 15 newspaper articles on the subject,” Goldacre says. “Not one told me what the experiment flagging up the danger was. What was the exposure, the measured outcome, was it human or animal data? Figures? Anything? Nothing.” The reason, he says, is that reporters “dumb down” the science to the point that readers are simply presented with two dueling viewpoints, both presented by scientists, with little or no discussion of the credentials of those scientists, the consensus views of their peers, or the quality of the evidence they use to support their cases.
“They use authority figures, the very antithesis of what science is about, as if they were priests, or politicians, or parent figures,” says Goldacre. “And if they want balance, you’ll get two scientists disagreeing, although with no explanation of why—an approach at its most dangerous with the myth that scientists were “divided” over the safety of MMR. One scientist will ‘reveal’ something, and then another will ‘challenge’ it. A bit like Jedi knights.”
Media coverage of the fen-phen demonstrates how the media’s failure to provide context cheats readers and viewers of the kind of understanding they need to make an informed judgment. When the first studies linked the combination of diet drugs to potentially fatal heart valve damage, the media responded with headlines about the dangers of the drug, generating a wave of lawsuits, which in turn generated more media coverage. But a few years later, the media was back with a contrarian storyline: new studies showed that fen-phen caused only a small, statistically insignificant increase in risk. “No Heart Damage From Diet Drug,” was the misleadingly definitive headline in USA Today.
The body of the USA Today story pointed out that the study had been paid for by Wyeth-Ayerst (manufacturer of Redux, a component of the fen-phen “cocktail”), that women in the study had taken the pill for just three months, and that the initial study was rejected by the New England Journal of Medicine, and after the data analysis was modified, the results were not nearly so reassuring. A year later, The New York Times wrote about another new study, published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, again showing that the risk from fen-phen was not as bad as feared.
The article did not disclose that one of the study’s authors was paid by Wyeth-Ayerst to speak on behalf of fen-phen at medical meetings. Nor did it reveal that Excerpta Medica, a healthcare communications firm, had been paid by Wyeth to supply writers who could ghostwrite or edit medical journal articles to the company’s specifications—a practice that led Dr. Robert Tenery, chair of the American Medical Association’s Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, to opine that the articles in question should have been clearly labeled as advertisements.
Finally, there are the “new breakthrough” stories. “It’s quite understandable that newspapers should feel it’s their job to write about new stuff,” says Goldacre. “But in the aggregate, these stories sell the idea that science, and indeed the whole empirical world view, is only about tenuous, new, hotly-contested data.” He cites a recent essay suggesting that most new research findings—the kind that generate major media coverage—turn out to be false. The article, he says, generated “a small flurry of ecstatic pieces from humanities graduates in the media, along the lines of science is made-up, self-aggrandizing, hegemony-maintaining, transient fad nonsense.”
But to scientists, the essay said nothing knew or particularly troubling. “Scientists know how to read a paper. That’s what they do for a living: read papers, pick them apart, pull out what’s good and bad.” More to the point, they know that most hypotheses turn out to be false, and they understand that floating hypotheses and subjecting them to scrutiny is what science does.
“Scientists never said that tenuous small new findings were important headline news. Journalists did.” The essay, he suggests, was an indictment of journalism, not science. Deitch agrees. “Science is the best process we humans have for gaining an understanding of our physical universe. The emphasis is on ‘process.’ But the results of this process are often preliminary or inconclusive or limited to a very restrictive study sample or, sometimes, just plain mistaken. The media—including ‘science’ reporters who should know better—inevitably focus on the results. Science, by definition, is not soundbites and when it is constantly reduced to that, to a stream of bold-faced, unqualified results, it begins to seem arbitrary, contradictory, and unreliable.”
The problem is that “the media reports early stage science, in medicine and otherwise, as something that is going to impact our lives that day,” says Peter Pitts, who heads the health policy practice at international public relations agency Manning Selvage & Lee. “And when it doesn’t, people just ignore it. There’s too much crying wolf.” A far larger problem, however, is that because many reporters and editors do not understand science, and do not feel qualified to evaluate competing scientific claims, they are hampered by a false notion of “balance.”
On May 22, 2003, the Los Angeles Times ran a front-page story by Houston bureau chief Scott Gold, about the passage of a law in Texas requiring abortion doctors to warn women that the procedure might cause breast cancer. Gold’s article noted that the American Cancer Society discounts the “alleged link,” that the National Cancer Institute had convened “more than 100 of the world’s experts” who similarly rejected any link, and that antiabortionists have pushed for mandatory “counseling” only after failing in their attempts to deny women the right to an abortion.
A few days later, an internal memo written by Times editor John Carroll found its way on to the Internet. In the memo, he suggested that Gold’s story vindicated critics who accuse the paper of liberal bias. “The story makes a strong case that the link between abortion and breast cancer is widely discounted among researchers,” Carroll wrote, “but I wondered as I read it whether somewhere there might exist some credible scientist who believes in it…. Apparently the scientific argument for the anti-abortion side is so absurd that we don’t need to waste our readers’ time with it.”
Carroll said he would have liked Gold to find a credible scientist to defend the abortion-breast cancer (ABC) link. That would, in Carroll’s opinion, have fulfilled the paper’s obligation to provide “balance.” That’s because to journalists, balance means finding individuals with ideologically opposed views—an approach that may have validity in the political realm, but is no way to adjudicate scientific controversy.
Says Mooney, “For journalists raised on objectivity and tempered by accusations of bias, knowing that phony balance can create distortion is one thing and taking steps to fix the reporting is another. Determining how much weight to give different sides in a scientific debate requires considerable expertise on the issue at hand. Few journalists have real scientific knowledge, and even reporters who know a great deal about certain scientific issues may know little about others they’re suddenly asked to cover.”
But the desire to find “balance” has permeated the media’s coverage of many scientific issues, including global climate change. “There’s a very small set of people” who question the consensus on global warming, says Donald Kennedy, executive editor-in-chief of Science magazine. “But there are a great many thoughtful reporters in the media who believe that in order to produce a balanced story, you’ve got to pick one commentator from side A and one commentator from side B. I call it the two-card Rolodex problem.”
Stanford climatologist Stephen Schneider points out that in science debates “there are rarely just two polar opposite sides, but rather a spectrum of possibilities, each of which has been weighed by experts and assigned a relative probability. A climate scientist faced with a reporter locked into the ‘get both sides’ mindset risks getting his or her views stuffed into one of two boxed storylines: ‘we’re worried’ or ‘it will all be okay.’”
That not only oversimplifies complex issues, but it also portrays scientists not as objective sources of knowledge but rather as advocates for a position.
The problem is pervasive, even in the quality press. In a recent paper published in the journal Global Environmental Change, Maxwell Boykoff and Jules Boykoff analyzed coverage of the climate change in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and the Los Angeles Times between 1988 and 2002. Over the course over those 40 years, climate scientists forged a near-unanimous consensus on mankind’s contribution to global warming—but the media coverage changed hardly at all. The majority (52.7 percent) of the articles studied gave “roughly equal attention” to the scientific consensus and to the energy industry’s view that the observed changes could be explained by natural fluctuations. Just 35.3 percent of articles emphasized the scientific consensus view while still presenting the other side in a subordinate fashion, compared to 6.2 percent that emphasized the industry-supported view. Only 5.9 percent focused on the consensus view without bothering to provide the contrarian counterpoint.
What was interesting was that the Boykoffs found a shift between the late 80s, when journalists focused more heavily on the scientific consensus, and the late 90s, when the majority of articles provided “balanced” accounts of the issue. During this period, the authors say, a “small group of influential spokespeople and scientists emerged in the news” to question the mainstream view.” The result is that the leading newspapers in the U.S. have produced “informationally biased coverage of global warming . . . hidden behind the veil of journalistic balance.”
Thistle, meanwhile, points to a recent edition of Tim Russert’s Meet the Press. In an attempt to address the vaccine controversy, Russert pitted Dr. Harvey Fineberg, president of the Institute of Medicine, against David Kirby, a freelance reporter and author of an anti-vaccine book. Says Thistle, “Since Russert made no effort to question Kirby’s scientific background, most viewers would have assumed that Fineberg and Kirby have similar scientific knowledge and understanding of the issues. A quick glance at their respective bios would indicate otherwise.”
But some observers do see improvement. “As medicine becomes more sophisticated, reporters have taken up the challenge accordingly,” says Jeff Levine, former CNN health reporter and now senior vice president of healthcare media relations at Hill & Knowlton.
“Instead of simply raising their pom-poms to cheer the latest breakthrough, medical journalists are increasingly scientific in their outlook. For drugs in development, reporters want to see peer-reviewed, phase three trial results, not just novel ideas. This is a healthy trend, since reporters are expected to weed out pretenders and present what they believe to be the genuine article to their respective audiences.
“But while reporters have gotten more adroit in finding the scientific heart of a good story, they’re equally facile when it comes to uncovering adverse events and studies that tease out even modest degrees of risk…. So while there is more and more information available, it’s not clear how well that information is understood or put into context.”
And others believe that on balance, the media have done a good job. Says Susan Smirnoff, co-head of the healthcare practice at Ruder Finn: “Contrary to popular opinion, the media may have played the largest role besides that of educators in promoting scientific literacy in the U.S.,” she says.
She points to media luminaries such as Gerard Piel, science editor at Life magazine in the 1940s, when he and fellow journalist Dennis Flanagan purchased Scientific American in 1947. “This one magazine has played a critical role in advancing scientific knowledge, not only in the U.S., but throughout the world.
“The New York Times, Time magazine and any number of national and local publications employ extremely talented science editors and writers who are consumed with a passion for science and scientific accuracy in journalism.” In the broadcast medium, meanwhile, the Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio have “tirelessly advanced an educational mission first described by Edward R. Murrow in his legendary 1958 speech to the Radio and Television News Directors Association.” In that speech, Morrow urged broadcasters to turn away from the easy path to “detract, delude, amuse and insulate us…. This instrument can teach, it can illuminate; yes, and it can even inspire…. There is a great and perhaps decisive battle to be fought against ignorance, intolerance and indifference. This weapon of television could be useful.”
Comment. (288) | Posted by ryan c in on October 17, 2005 | TrackBack
I know colobumumum is a great word.
Posted by: ciresiuus on December 19, 2005 03:17 AM
Intelligent Design and the Decline of American Education
Intelligent Design is not a theory:
"One requirement of science is that it makes specific predictions, which can be
tested in a laboratory." states geologist Robert Hazen "Another requirement is that it does not rely on supernatural or miraculous processes."
The primary case that intelligent design promotes is that life and the universe have systems that are so complex that they can only be explained by a creator. The very essence of that theory is completely un-testable. The only test that stands up is if we can not explain complex systems scientifically then they must have been designed by some form of intelligence.
If it was designed by "a creator" a single being or entity; whether that be God, an Alien or the Giant Spaghetti Monster then we are left without testing. The implied protocol for testing is to give up and stop researching because the answers to the question are to difficult to explain.
It is this conclusion that brings me to the "bigger problem" that Intelligent Design is just a symptom of.
Why continuing to push this non-theory on public education is irresponsible:
While this attitude and the answers themselves are unacceptable they do bring attention to the bigger problems in public education.
The problems we are faced with in our schools is the declining quality of education that our children receive today. The entire history of our Country has been built on the foundation that the children had a better life than their parents.
This was reflected in:
The child would have a better education than the parents.
The child would have better health care than the parents.
The child would have a better, safer job than the parents.
The child would have a nicer house than the parents.
etc...
These things are no longer true of this generation coming out of our High Schools today.
The whole concept of "No Child Left Behind" is false and misleading at best. The children are now receiving training to pass a test that measures progress. The bar for that progress was only getting lowered so that the appearance was that children are improving when, in fact, they were not.
Only recently have demands for more stringent testing been met in Texas. The TAKS test has been made more difficult in recent years and as a result we can see where the quality of education was really heading.
According to an article in the Dallas Morning news dated December 15th, 2005:
The Texas Education Agency identified 821 campuses across the state Thursday where students will have the right to leave if their parents are dissatisfied. That's nearly double the number of campuses last year – 420.
...
The state's annual school performance ratings in August showed the number of "academically unacceptable" schools nearly quadrupled this year based on poor TAKS scores. A handful of factors were cited for the lower test scores and lower school ratings, including that students had to get more answers correct and, for the first time, special education students' test scores were included in overall passing rates.
Large numbers of students had trouble with the science and math sections of the exam even though only a minority of students – 25 percent in science and 35 percent in math – were required to pass those sections for their school to be considered academically acceptable.
If what we are seeing is true, then the idea of further decreasing the quality of education, especially in the sciences, is not only irresponsible it is immoral.
According to an article being published in the January 2006 issue of Discover Magazine:
The performance of U.S. students in middle and high schools on international math and science exams is below the average of 38 other countries. Even advanced American math and physics students score near dead last among students in 20 tested countries, the panel reported. Since 1990 the number of bachelor's degrees in engineering has declined 8 percent; in mathematics, 20 percent. While 32 percent of U.S. students graduate with degrees in science and engineering, the figure in China is 59 percent. Fewer grads means less research.
Science Watch, a review of the Web research tool Essential Science Indicators, found a decline in U.S. representation among the world's published scientific papers, dropping from 38.5 percent in 1990 to 33.3 percent in 2004. Meanwhile, the Asian-Pacific share increased and "will likely outstrip that of the United States in six or seven years." Such declines may be reflected in the business of science; the National Academies reported the U.S. share of global high-tech exports fell during the last two decades from 30 to 17 percent, and its share of manufactured goods dropped from +33 billion in 1990 to –24 billion in 2004.
I believe America is a first rate country with more rights and privileges than just about any country in the world. There is no excuse for us to be ranked 39th in the world for education. As an American the idea that there are 38 other countries with a better quality of education just infuriates me.
What have our government officials been doing that they have fallen down on the job to such a degree?
We can not just blame one political party for this. For our educational system to have become so badly damaged has taken years if not decades of neglect to get to this point. Whether you are a Republican or a Democrat this issue needs to be a top priority in America starting yesterday.
In order to fix the problems we need to focus on the real issues. We need to stop talking about Intelligent Design and focus on what needs to be done to get the best quality of education in the world for our children.
How can we do it?
We need to change our priorities. If our children are truly what is important then we need to put our money where our brains are going to be tomorrow.
Instead of taxing the citizenry to build bigger and better sports arenas, how about using that money to build bigger and better schools?
How about increasing teachers salaries so that the income of a teacher is appealing to the most talented people?
How about tax or financial incentives for retired or semi-retired professionals to come and teach our children?
How about increasing the financial rewards for students that do well in school and actually paying for them to attend college?
How about looking at the 38 countries that have us beat in the quality of education to see what they are doing right?
There have to be a few thousand other things we can do to help our children get the best education possible. In my opinion all we have for education these days is excuses.
The other big question that I have is what will happen to our economy in 30 years if American becomes 50th in education worldwide? Who will own America then?
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